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rence in plant surfaces. We determined the complete genome of the pear pathogen E. pyrifoliae strain Ep1 96, which is related to E. amylovora and of the non pathogenic E. billingiae strain Eb661, I-BET-762 A mixed strategy of pyrosequencing and traditional Sanger sequencing was used to determine both new genome sequences. These data together with the previously published genome sequence of E. tas maniensis provide databases for comparative analysis of virulence factors. The genomes of E. billingiae strain Eb661, E. tasmanien sis strain Et1 99 and E. pyrifoliae strain Ep1 96 contain one circular chromosome with a size of 5. 1 Mb for strain Eb661, and 4. 0 Mb for strain Ep1 96 down to 3. 9 Mb for strain Et1 99, The number of corresponding pre dicted proteins ranges from 4,587 to 3,427, The distant position of E.
billingiae strain Eb661 is indicated by the general genome data and corresponds to the phy logenetic position on a different branch in contrast to the other three genomes, This classification into two groups is also I-BET-762 supported by the estimated numbers of shared genes for the chromosomes of the strains Ep1 96, Et1 99 and Eb661, The highest amount of unique proteins is pres ent for strain Eb661 with 2,037 proteins corresponding to the enlarged chromo some size. This portion encompassing 4% of the deduced protein set encodes a wide additional metabolic reper toire and associated transporters. In contrast, the portion of estimated unique genes for the pathogenic strain Ep1 96 is 785 corresponding to approx. 25% of the proteins encoded on the chromosome.
The number of 7 rRNA operons is constant within the chromosomes, but the presence of one unusual rRNA operon with a 16S 23S 5S 5 S organization is limited to 2. The present conserved synteny between the three genomes is disrupted by large inversions, which indicates two different types of organization. One type AZ20 is shared by strain Ep1 96 and Et1 99 as well as a second one which is shared by strain Eb661 and strain Ea273, These re arrangements are thought to be driven by homologous recombination, which often occurs at the rRNA operons, The importance of rRNA operons for these events could be confirmed by the comparison of the chromosomes of strain Eb661 and Et1 99 for the centered inversion, which is RNA polymerase suggested to be responsible for the duplication of the 5S rRNA gene.
The comparison of the chromosomes of strain Et1 99 and Ep1 96 indicates the stability of this re arrangement. Several other AZ20 transloca tions and inversions are present especially within two regions not neighbouring to rRNA operons. However, Figure 2 also illustrates that the larger chro mosome size of E. billingiae strain Eb661 is mainly based on the presence I-BET-762 of single genes scattered over the whole genome and not on the transfer of large gene clusters. The minor influence of phage integrations was estimated by the prediction of integrated regions and of gene duplication corresponding to the number of potential paralogs, Cumulative GC skew analyses support AZ20 the weak modulations of the chromo somes by these events by its regular run, The exchange of genetic material mainly depends on the presence of extrachromosomal elements.
The num ber of plasmids ranges from two for Eb661 I-BET-762 to five in strain Et1 99, A deviating GC content compared to the AZ20 chromosome suggests an unrelated origin for pET35 and pET49. Several plasmids in the genus Erwinia show the potential for a conjugal transfer such as pEB170 of E. billingiae strain Eb661, the plasmids pET35, pET45, pET46, pET49 of E. tasmaniensis strain Et1 99 and pEL60 of E. amylovora strain Leb66, an untypical isolate from Lebanon. Plasmids pEp05 and pEt46 carry mob genes and may contain an oriT to be mobilized by Tra proteins of other plasmids. The species E. amylovora, E. pyrifoliae, and E. tasmaniensis share thiO, thiS, thiG and thiF in con served order. These genes are located on plasmids of E. pyrifoliae and E. amylovora and on the chromosome of E. tasmaniensis. A potential gene flow i